Green Extractivism describes the exploitation of natural resources under the guise of sustainability or climate protection. The term is used to describe activities such as large-scale mining, logging, or land grabbing, which are justified by their supposed contribution to the green transition. But rather than reducing environmental destruction, these projects often expand it under a ‘green’ label. An example is the expansion of lithium mining in Chile, where extraction for electric car batteries consumes enormous amounts of water and threatens local ecosystems. Similar patterns can be seen in the Amazon, where large areas of forest are cleared to make way for biofuel crops and carbon offset projects. These activities often displace Indigenous and rural communities and deepen social and ecological inequalities. Green Extractivism also reinforces global inequalities between the Global North and South. While Global North countries often benefit from access to ‘green’ resources for their energy transitions, the environmental and social costs are largely borne by communities in the Global South. This continues a long history of uneven development and ecological exploitation, which can be termed Green Colonialism.